The global imperative for environmental sustainability has fundamentally reshaped markets, increasing the demand for responsible products; however, the evolution to sustainable consumption varies significantly across regions, particularly within the BRICS economies (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa). This study empirically investigates the macroeconomic determinants influencing environmental sustainability and the transition toward a low-carbon economy during the digital era. Utilizing a secondary dataset from the World Development Indicators, the analysis examines the predictive role of GDP per capita, carbon emissions and urbanization in shaping sustainable consumption patterns. Panel regression and causality tests are employed to identify relationships and determine the strength of influence across variables. The results highlight the importance of urbanisation and environmental factors in driving sustainable development, both in the short and long term. These findings contribute to sustainability economics by providing data-driven evidence for policymakers to design targeted strategies, such as carbon taxes, green technology investments and sustainable urbanisation, to decouple economic expansion from environmental degradation.
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