Legal Frameworks and Risk Governance in Multi-Level Marketing in Developing Countries: A Comparative Study of Vietnam and ASEAN Nations

doi:N/A

Advances in Consumer Research

Issue 1 : 1186-1192

Original Article

Legal Frameworks and Risk Governance in Multi-Level Marketing in Developing Countries: A Comparative Study of Vietnam and ASEAN Nations

Le Bi Bo

Ho Chi Minh City Cadre Academy (HCA), Vietnam

Abstract

In recent years, multi-level marketing (MLM) has emerged as a popular business model in developing countries, particularly in ASEAN. However, its complexity and potential for abuse have raised significant concerns regarding consumer protection, regulatory adequacy, and fraud prevention. This article provides a comparative legal analysis of the regulatory frameworks governing MLM in Vietnam, Thailand, the Philippines, and Indonesia. It also evaluates the effectiveness of risk governance mechanisms in managing MLM-related fraud and proposes legal reform directions for Vietnam based on best practices in the region..

Keywords

Multi-Level Marketing (MLM)

Consumer Protection

Legal Framework

Risk Governance

Vietnam

ASEAN

Comparative Law

Public Policy

Fraud Prevention

Regulatory Refor

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