The introduction of e-Courts in India to the inescapable arrival of AI-Courts is a history altering innovation for the Indian Judiciary which has long faced criticism for its ponderous justice delivery system with an over 50-million-figure pendency by 2025 and human foibles like fatigue, bias and dissonance that no conscientious judge can ever transcend. The e-Courts project, launched in 2005 and significantly scaled via Phase I (2007-2015) and Phase II (2015-2023) under the National Policy and Action Plan for Implementation of Information and Communication Technology in Indian Judiciary, represented the first digital revolution by computerizing courts; introducing case information system (CIS), e-filing portals, Video Conferencing for virtual hearings (greatly expanded during COVID); e-Pay to pay court fees; and National Judicial Data Grid (NJDG), which finally gave citizens, policymakers real-time visibility into the massive backlog that they could even drill down across districts, high courts, Supreme Court itself. In 2025, over 3,500 court complexes are fully computerized; more than 20 million cases have been e-filed; the Supreme Court’s Integrated Case Management System (ICMS) and the e-Courts Services Portal enable a litigant, lawyers, judges to view cause lists, orders and judgments from his/her or their smartphone, something that was impossible to imagine just two decades ago....
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