The emergence of Industry 4.0 has catalysed a profound transformation in organizational design and operations, significantly influencing the domain of Human Resource Management (HRM). This scoping review maps and synthesizes existing literature on human resource (HR) practices and challenges in Industry 4.0 within manufacturing industries. Guided by the Arksey & O’Malley framework, a systematic search was conducted across Scopus, Web of Science, SpringerLink, Emerald Insight, IEEE Xplore, and Google Scholar, covering publications from 2010 to 2024. Key studies were selected based on inclusion criteria focused on HR functions in the context of Industry 4.0, resulting in 105 articles for thematic analysis. The review identifies prevalent HR practices, as digital recruitment, competency-building, engagement strategies, performance management, and employee well-being as major themes emerging from the review. Major challenges like digital skill shortages, resistance to change, implementation costs, data security, and limited empirical evidence from emerging economies, notably India as noteworthy. The findings underscore the strategic importance of HR in facilitating digital transformation, including agile structures, data-driven decision-making, and the evolution of workforce capabilities highlighting critical gaps in regional and applied research. This review contributes by offering both theoretical insights and practical directions for HR leaders and researchers seeking to enhance adaptive capacity in the digital manufacturing era