This study examines the relationship between technological innovation and water sustainability in Saudi Arabia, a nation facing extreme water scarcity. Using a mixed-methods approach, we surveyed 425 water management professionals across agricultural, industrial, municipal, residential, and technology sectors between March and August 2024, supplemented by 32 stakeholder interviews. Five hypotheses were tested regarding innovation adoption, organizational factors, technology acceptance, regulatory support, and sectoral differences.

Results confirm all five hypotheses. Water recycling systems (71.3%) and precision agriculture (68.9%) showed highest adoption rates. Innovation adoption strongly predicted sustainability outcomes (r = .726, p < .001), with leadership support emerging as the strongest predictor (β = .327). High-innovation adopters achieved 2-3 times better performance across sustainability metrics. Significant sectoral differences exist, with technology providers and industrial sectors leading adoption. High initial costs remain the primary barrier (68.2%), while regulatory support significantly moderates innovation effectiveness. Most innovations demonstrate positive ROI within 4-6 years.

Qualitative findings revealed five themes: innovation as strategic necessity, implementation gaps due to financial constraints, importance of demonstration projects, need for integrated policy approaches, and critical cultural-behavioural dimensions. These results provide evidence-based guidance for policymakers and practitioners advancing water security through technological innovation in arid regions..