The global shift toward renewable energy and decarbonization is transforming business operations across industries, particularly in how supply chains are designed, managed, and optimized. This study examines the intersection between Sustainable Supply Chain Management (SSCM) and Energy Transition across key economic sectors manufacturing, logistics, agriculture, and services in the Indian context. Using a mixed-method approach combining secondary data and survey responses from 60 firms across these sectors, the study finds that 73% of manufacturing firms, 62% of logistics firms, and 58% of agri-based firms have initiated partial energy transition strategies. Regression analysis indicates that policy incentives (β = 0.39, p < 0.05) and renewable energy adoption (β = 0.46, p < 0.01) significantly enhance SSCM performance, while cost constraints remain a moderating factor. The paper proposes an integrative framework for sustainable supply chains aligned with India’s net-zero 2070 commitment and sectoral energy transition pathways.