Civil engineering underlies the evolution and transformation of human society, creating the built environment, and determining the quality, safety, and functionality of urban life. Bridges, highways, skyscrapers, and water infrastructure are just a few examples of how civil engineering structures dominate the modern cities. The traditional construction materials have traditionally been used in this field which includes concrete, steel and timber materials, which are strong, available and affordable. However with the expansion of the society and speeding up of urbanization such shortage of conventional material has started to be felt more and more. The piezoelectric materials are incorporated in the infrastructure and this leads to a paradigm shift in structural health monitoring (SHM). The piezoelectric sensors offer real time feedback of the structural stress, strain and damage advancement as compared to their traditional periodical inspection techniques which are reactive and periodic in nature. It will assist in predictive maintenance whereby engineers will be in a position to predict and repair problems prior to them turning into critical failure. The benefits do not only pertain to safety and reliability; the early detection and proactive intervention will also decrease the cost of rehabilitating the infrastructure assets and also increase the life of infrastructure assets. These are extremely useful features in terms of sustainable asset management in the framework of the aging infrastructure throughout the world.

One of the fundamental features of the contemporary infrastructure development is sustainability, which is also significant to the supply of environmental requirements, and smart materials contribute to it. As it has been illustrated in the paper, self-healing concrete and CNT composites produce carbon 15 and 25 percent less respectively than the normal materials. The most interesting cases of smart materials are Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs), self-healing concrete, piezoelectric materials and Carbon Nanotube (CNT) composites, which can improve the performance of infrastructures in different ways. One of the most incredible things about the SMAs is that they can plastic deform and recrystallize to their original shapes. Such property is particularly important for applications in seismic dampers, expansion joints and vibration control systems where this energy-absorption and shape-recovery property is highly required to improve the structural safety and life of the structure (Mir, 2017). Similarly, self-healing concrete uses microcapsules or bacteria which can release healing factors when the cracks have been created and the material is able to heal itself. This decreases the frequency of maintenance, lifecycle and increases the service life of the concrete infrastructure and this is one of the most consistent problems in the concrete infrastructure (Patel and Goyal, 2018).

The other transformational ability is that piezoelectric materials can be used to transform mechanical stress into an electrical signal. They can be embedded as structural elements which allow for real time structural health monitoring (SHM) to ascertain how the stress, crack growth and potential sources of failure are being distributed before the problems become severe issues (Song et al., 2006). This is a proactive maintenance method which enhances safety, cuts the cost of maintenance inspection, and prolongs the life of infrastructure assets. At the same time, Carbon Nanotube (CNT) materials are transforming the performance of materials that have never before had such a high benefit in terms of strength to weight ratio (Zhang and Lu, 2008). These materials can help not only to increase load bearing capacity but also to reduce structural weight, which is very important for the high rises, long span bridges, and other infrastructures, where strength, ductility and efficiency is of utmost importance (Biswal and Swain, 2020).

Smart materials are adopted in line with the general trends in city development and sustainability. The need to design infrastructure that is adaptive, energy-efficient and easy to maintain has increased considerably as cities become complex and interconnected networks commonly known as smart cities. Smart materials add value directly to these goals by enhancing structural performance, mitigating environmental impacts, and increasing service life with fewer resources. Self-healing concrete, as an example, requires fewer resource-intensive repairs, whereas CNT composites require less energy during transportation, since they are lightweight (Chong and Garboczi, 2002). Such developments not only facilitate economic efficiency but also play a role in the global sustainability objectives by reducing greenhouse gas emissions and resource consumption across lifecycle of infrastructure systems (Di Sia, 2020).

In spite of its apparent benefits, the popularization of smart materials is not without its fair share of challenges. The high start-up costs of production are also a pressing issue especially in SMAs and CNT composites which demand complicated production processes (Necib et al., 2015). Scalability is also a significant challenge, with laboratory achievements frequently hard to port to commercial operation without performance or cost efficiency being lost. Other technical problems also correlate with the compatibility with the existing construction technologies and materials, and new approaches to design, installation methodology, and maintenance process should be used (Berglund et al., 2020). Furthermore, the current regulatory control and the building codes have not been geared towards such new materials, and in the majority of cases, this makes the process of approvals a slow one thereby slowing the adoption of the new materials (Flatau and Chong, 2002). These opportunities and challenges in addition to others are some of the reasons why the present study aims to bridge the gap between the theoretical potential and the actual application of smart materials in civil engineering. The research analysis will give a comprehensive insight into the role that smart material can play in redesigning the structural design, construction process and the management of the infrastructure. It is meant to assist in the development of the future infrastructure not only stronger and more durable, but also intelligent, adaptive and sustainable features that are increasingly required by the cities of tomorrow. Therefore, the objectives of this study are

1. To analyse key types of smart materials and their structural applications.
2. To evaluate their performance, durability, and sustainability compared to conventional materials.
3. To identify challenges hindering their widespread adoption and suggest potential solutions.

The use of smart materials in civil engineering has become among the most disruptive innovations to the industry that has dramatically altered the structural design, construction and maintenance. These materials are commonly referred to as intelligent or adaptive and possess the capacity to detect, react and adjust themselves to the variation of the surrounding environment. Smart materials respond dynamically to stimuli (stress, temperature, moisture and electromagnetic fields) as compared to the traditional materials such as concrete and steel which respond passively over the life cycle. This responsive behavior can result in improved performance, improved durability, and increased service life of the infrastructure systems and this is consistent with the new trends of sustainability, resilience, and smart city development in the world. One of the smart materials that has been extensively studied is the Shape Memory Alloy (SMA). These materials are characterised by a phenomenon known as shape memory effect and this allows the material to be able to resume its original shape after being subjected to a certain range of temperature. This feature makes SMAs handy particularly in structures that are exposed to cyclic loads such as seismic dampers, bridge expansion joint and vibration isolation systems (Cai et al., 2003). Their dissipating nature of energy and recovery also enhances structural resilience, and reduces maintenance levels to a substantial degree, hence reducing the cost of lifecycle. Although they have these benefits, SMAs are still limited by high production cost and difficulties in mass production and consequently hampered their mass use in construction.

Another novel type of smart materials that deals with one of the most time-old issues in civil engineering cracking is self-healing concrete. Concrete structures of the traditional type are prone to micro-cracking with time, and this may affect the durability as well as necessitating frequent maintenance. However, self-healing concrete contains microcapsules or bacteria that release healing agents when cracks form, and self-heals the damage without human intervention (Gupta et al., 2006). The technology has greatly increased the life span of concrete structures, minimized maintenance expenses, and minimized the negative effect on the environment through the reduction of the maintenance of repair materials. Furthermore, self-healing concrete can help the construction industry to achieve sustainability objectives and resource efficiency through its ability to improve durability. Piezoelectric materials have also been of much interest because of their bifunctional mechanical and electrical properties. These materials can be used as Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) sensors when they are used in response to mechanical stress, as these materials will generate electrical charges (Sun et al., 2010). Piezoelectric sensors in the infrastructure are used to monitor the development of stress, strain, and damage in real time, which is a proactive method of maintenance and can significantly enhance safety. Such kind of real time feedback may help the engineers to identify potential issues before they turn into critical failures and this will save them on the repair costs as well as make the structures live longer. Constant surveillance is particularly helpful in infrastructure that is deemed to be at high risk such as bridges, dams and high-rise buildings.

The other frontier in smart material research is Carbon Nanotube (CNT) composites which are the material with excellent mechanical properties and multifunctional capabilities. They are also strong relative to their weight thus making them more economical in structures in terms of increasing the load bearing capacity and the total weight which is a very critical parameter in high-rise buildings, long-span bridges and aerospace structures (Mukherjee et al., 2023). Besides the mechanical performance, CNT composites are also more energy efficient because they can allow less mass and transportation. They can even be equipped with thermal and electrical conductivity and this opens possibilities for multifunctional infrastructure systems that combine energy management and sensing (Farag, 2019). Although these are good advantages there are several challenges that are crippling the use of smart materials. They continue to be a major barrier to high adoption because of the economic issues of initial cost and the energy consuming production cycles. Scalability is also of interest whereby what works in the laboratory may not be applicable when they are integrated into the real structures. In addition, it may not be adopted easily because of its incompatibility with the current building practices and regulatory system. Using smart materials can mean the development of new practices, special equipment, and new requirements, which presuppose massive investment and the shift in the policies (Zhu, 2022).

Finally, the literature has indicated the enormous potentiality of smart materials that can revolutionize civil engineering to realize the adaptive, self-sustaining, and long life infrastructure systems. They will lead to successful lower maintenance needs, good safety and world sustainability objectives. Nonetheless, their complete acceptance is conditional upon the achievement of the critical issues surrounding the cost, scalability, and acceptance of the regulations. Further studies into material production, economical production, and standardization are thus necessary. The incorporation of several smart material technologies into one system such as self-healing concrete and piezoelectric sensors should also be considered in future research studies such as the integration of self-healing concrete and embedded piezoelectric sensors to create multifunctional infrastructure that will be able to maintain itself, monitor itself and regulate its performance during its lifecycle.

3.1 Research Design

The study design used in this research is an experimental-comparative research design in order to establish the effectiveness of smart materials in the application of civil engineering. Their mechanical and structural characteristics under varying loading conditions and the resultant implication of the same on durability, flexibility and safety was of interest. Complete results were obtained using numerical simulation as well as experimental testing. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) was used along with laboratory to ensure that findings of the simulation were accurate to the behavior of structures in real life. The experimental design was manipulated to replicate the static and dynamic loading which the civil infrastructure typically receives in order to examine the performance of the material under realistic mechanical and environmental conditions.

3.2 Materials Selection

The selection criteria used to choose four smart materials included their capacity to enhance structural performance, which included Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs), Self-Healing Concrete, Piezoelectric Materials, and Carbon Nanotube (CNT) Composites. The materials have different inherent benefits over traditional materials including steel and concrete. The inclusion of SMAs in its application in applications where reversible deformation is necessary was a result of their recovery of original shape with exposure to heat. Self-healing concrete was chosen because of its self-crack-healing capacity of microcapsules or bacterial agents, which increases the structural life span. Piezoelectric materials have been added due to their capability to produce electrical signals under mechanical stress which allows real time structural health monitoring (SHM). The reason behind the use of CNT composites was that the strength to weight ratio is very high and this contributes greatly to the load carrying capacity as well as decreasing the weight of the structure. These intelligent materials were then contrasted to the traditional materials to determine their effectiveness in improving the structural performance in general.

3.3 Structural Analysis Techniques

Finite Element Modelling (FEM) and structural simulations were used to measure the performance of the chosen materials. FEM was employed to simulate structures with the inclusion of smart materials and in evaluating the structure on the basis of various loads such as static, dynamic, compressive, tensile and shear. Mechanical properties included in the models were the Young modulus, Poisson ratio and yield strength based on experimental and literature values. The behavior was analyzed dynamically to access the behavior at seismic or wind-induced loads and the modal analysis was applied to find the natural frequencies and mode shapes. The FEM simulation outcomes were subsequently compared to the traditional materials to set up direct performance standards.

3.4 Experimental Setup

Experiments also were conducted physically to check the numerical data and also to observe how materials behave in real life. The samples of smart materials were loaded by the effects of mechanical forces on the load frames with the opportunities to use both statical (compressive and tensile) and dynamic (cyclic and impact) loads. Simulation of service environments was done in environmental chambers where samples were subjected to different conditions of temperature changes, humidity and exposure to chemicals. The experiments were conducted using different sensors and monitoring equipment to give the pertinent performance data. Deformation of the material under load was measured by strain gauges, thermal activities were measured and SMAs were temperature sensors, stress responses and dynamic behaviour were measured using piezoelectric sensors. This real time observation provided data which was highly detailed regarding mechanical response, durability and adaptive properties of the materials in different loading and environmental conditions.

3.5 Data Collection

Data gathering was conducted in two stages, which were simulation and experimental testing. The information about the simulation included some of the stress distribution, deformation behaviour and performance under various loads. The experimental evidence was aimed at load bearing performance, stress strain behavior, deformations and healing performance. The self-healing concrete performance in terms of cracking and healing was tested by using cracking rate and healing rate of self-healing concrete. The environmental resistance was further tested to determine the resistance to change of temperature, moisture and chemicals. This extensive database allowed the appropriate comparison of the performance of the material as compared to the traditional options, and especially in the areas of durability, strength, flexibility and sustainability.

3.6 Analysis Approach

Direct comparison and statistical analysis were used to analyze the data. The major performance measures, including the load-bearing capacity, deformation, recovery behavior (in the case of SMAs) and crack repair efficiency (in the case of self-healing concrete) were discussed. The importance of observed differences between the smart and traditional materials was determined using the statistical tests such as t-tests and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Simulations were also used to compare results of simulations to experimental results to verify the FEM results. This process of validation repeated made the numerical models reliable and predictive and enhanced their application in the future research and design tasks.

3.7 Validation and Reliability

Several steps were taken to make the study be valid and reliable. Each experiment was repeated several times in order to reach reproducibility and minimize the errors of measurements. Calibration of the FEM models on experimental results was subsequently done to enhance the prediction power of the models by adjusting the model parameters. The specialists in the field of structural engineering and materials science also peer reviewed the methodology and the experimental design. Sensitivity analysis was also conducted to establish the effect of the different material properties (strength, stiffness and thermal conductivity) on the performance results. This was to ensure that the results were sound and capable of being insensitive to variations in the input parameters hence the result was more believable.

4.1 Performance of Smart Materials in Structural Applications

The outcome of the experiments and simulations showed that the use of smart material enhances the overall performance of structural systems as compared to conventional material. Table 1 shows the tensile strength, compressive strength, and recovery behaviour

of smart materials and the traditional materials.

Table 1: Comparison of Mechanical Properties of Smart Materials vs. Traditional Materials

The SMAs showed high resistance to stress, which enabled them to regain their original form after being subjected to cyclic loading. The SMA specimens regained their original shape to the fullest extent after every load cycle, which indicates that they can effectively reduce damage and increase the durability of structures. On the other hand, steel and concrete which are conventional materials exhibited permanent set after the cyclic loading implying that they are prone to fatigue. Self-Healing Concrete showed a good performance in terms of self-healing of cracks. Figure 2 presents the results of the healing efficiency and the compressive strength after 28 days of crack healing. The self-healing concrete healed cracks of about 1-2mm and the self-healing concrete regained about 85% of the original compressive strength.

Figure 2: Healing Efficiency and Compressive Strength Recovery of Self-Healing Concrete

Carbon Nanotube (CNT) Composites were found to have high mechanical properties especially in the improvement of the strength to weight ratio of structures. The CNT composites were found to have an improvement in tensile strength by about 30% as compared to the normal concrete and the weight of the structure by about 25%. These findings show that CNT composites can be used in areas where strength and lightweight are important, for instance, in construction of high-rise buildings and structures where both strength and weight of the material are of paramount importance.

4.2 Comparative Analysis with Traditional Materials

The comparison of smart materials and conventional construction materials showed that the former outperformed the latter in terms of the criteria mentioned above. In Table 2, the comparison of shifting load bearing capacity and deformation characteristic of smart material and the traditional material under static and dynamic loadings have been tabulated.

Table 2: Load-Bearing Capacity and Deformation Behavior of Smart vs. Traditional Materials

The Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs) exhibited high load carrying capacity and the material could be deformed and returned to its original shape without any sign of plastic deformation. From Table 2, it is evident that SMAs had a zero percent permanent deformation, which means that the material reverts to its original form even when subjected to high stress. As with the case of tensile strength, CNT composites demonstrated high load-bearing limit but with no measure of residual deformation therefore; they can well serve structures that require high strength and ductility.

On the other hand, the conventional material such as steel and concrete had higher permanent deformation after loading, which is an indication that they are prone to fatigue. For instance, steel exhibited a permanent deformation of 5% after testing which is a very poor performance in terms of load bearing capacity in the long run.

4.3 Material Recovery and Long-Term Durability

The self-healing concrete samples showed a very good performance in terms of strength recovery after cracking. Figure 2 below shows the fatigue characteristics of self-healing concrete and the traditional concrete. When the cracks were introduced and the healing process was allowed to take place for several months, the concrete was able to regain much of its strength. This was determined by comparing the compressive strength of the healed concrete to that of the new concrete that has not shown any cracks and the findings showed that the average recovery was about 85-90%.

Figure 2: Fatigue Resistance Comparison of Self-Healing Concrete vs. Traditional Concrete

SMAs have shown great fatigue performance when subjected to cyclic loading and unloading processes. The SMA specimens were tested for loading and unloading at least 500 cycles within the transformation temperature. It was seen that the SMAs possessed the ability to return to their original form for every cycle, thus their suitability in applications, which are subjected to mechanical loading such as in bridges, seismic damper and structural reinforcement in the harshest of environments. The steel on the other hand, which is a traditional material, had a progressive decrease in load carrying capacity with each cycle of loading and unloading.

4.4 Environmental and Sustainability Considerations

Among all the smart materials, self-healing concrete and carbon nanotube composites were found to have a high level of environmental impact. Table 3 presents the comparison of carbon footprint of the production processes of smart materials and traditional materials. The carbon footprint for self-healing concrete was 15% less than that of the normal concrete and CNT composites had a carbon footprint of 25% less than the normal carbon footprint during the manufacturing process.

Table 3: Carbon Footprint Comparison of Smart Materials vs. Traditional Materials

One of the major factors that determine the suitability of these materials for large scale construction is the environmental effects of the materials. Thus, both self-healing concrete and CNT composites could be financially and environmentally profitable in the long run since they minimize the need for repairs. The ratios of carbon in both materials are much lower than that found in the conventional concrete and steel that greatly contributes to global carbon output.

4.5 Structural Health Monitoring Capabilities

The use of piezoelectric materials in structural health monitoring systems was proved to be highly effective in sensing even the slightest changes in the structural condition. From the piezoelectric materials, one was able to monitor the stress levels, presence of cracks and other factors that might point to destruction of the structure. In Table 4, the comparison list of piezoelectric materials with the other monitoring systems in terms of their detection capability.

Table 4: Detection Capabilities of Piezoelectric Materials vs. Traditional Monitoring Systems

The piezoelectric materials offered the strain feedback in real-time, thus identifying structural problems before they could be seen with the naked eye or by simple cheques such as touch. This capability for early detection can go a long way in improving safety and durability of the important structures.

The paper results show that transformative power may be utilized on smart materials in civil engineering and it can be very beneficial as compared to the traditional building materials on the basis of mechanical performance, durability, sustainability and life cycle effectiveness. Not only do the materials possess the potential of improving the structural functionality that is directly related to the environmental stimuli, but they also allow new paradigm in design, construction and operation and maintenance that are applicable in the future infrastructures. The resultant figure demonstrates that mechanical properties of SMAs are high compared to the traditional materials such as steel. According to the findings of the experiment, SMAs are tensile and compressive high strength materials that can be in a position to spring back and regain their original shapes when the cycles of loading are completed. This ability to recover its shape is useful especially in seismic prone areas where buildings have to withstand periodic forces. SMAs improve the structural robustness, increase the service life and reduce the maintenance interventions by eliminating the permanent deformation. Because of these characteristics they are well suited in highly stressed areas of buildings, such as bridge joints, seismic dampers and vibration isolators. Similarly, the Carbon Nanotube (CNT) composites were found to have a good strength to weight ratio and the tensile strength was improved by 30 percent and the weight was reduced by 25 percent compared to the traditional materials. This double benefit enables it to have lighter and efficient structural design without compromising load bearing capacity, which is important in the high-rise building, the long-span bridge and offshore construction. Moreover, the decreased weight of the materials also results in lower costs of transportation and energy consumption during the construction process, making the project delivery more sustainable.

The other significant development is the experimental results which have indicated that cracks of width less than 2 mm can be self-healed and that a minimum of 85-90 per cent of the original compressive strength can be recovered in self-healing concrete. Self repair process overcomes one of the most critical shortcomings of the conventional concrete; cracking under mechanical and environmental loading. Self-healing concrete extends the life of the buildings, decreases the number of repair operations and reduces the cost of the life cycle by inhibiting the crack propagation and structural degradation. Also, its environmental impact is relatively high: the number of repairs is reduced, less energy is used, the carbon footprint is reduced during the time of operation of the structure. The piezoelectric materials are incorporated in the infrastructure and this leads to a paradigm shift in structural health monitoring (SHM). The piezoelectric sensors have real time feedback of the structural stress, strain and damage progression when compared to their traditional periodical inspection methods as they are reactive and periodic in nature. It will help in predictive maintenance whereby the engineers will be in a position to forecast and fix issues before they become critical failure. The advantages are not limited to safety and reliability, the early identification and proactive maintenance will reduce the cost of repairing the infrastructure assets and also extend the life of infrastructure assets. These are highly convenient attributes in regards to sustainable asset management within the context of the aging infrastructure across the globe.

Sustainability is one of the core attributes of the modern infrastructure development and it is also important to the provision of environmental needs, and smart materials help in this case. As it has been illustrated in the paper, self-healing concrete and CNT composites produce carbon 15 and 25 percent less respectively than the normal materials. These are reduction cuts which are based on a number of factors including: less maintenance, more efficient in materials and less energy is used in the production and transportation. The synergy of the effect will result in a more sustainable construction sector in accordance with the international objectives of decarbonization and resource optimization. Further, the building material having long life cycles minimizes the number of demolitions and reconstructions of a building hence less construction waste. With resilience, efficiency and sustainability being the key elements of the smart city systems, the role of smart materials as an element of the future infrastructure development is strategic.

Although there are many benefits, there are no difficulties with the large-scale implementation of smart materials. Their high initial cost still remains one of the greatest barriers. In particular, SMAs and CNT composites are associated with complicated production techniques, which increases the cost of production compared to conventional materials. This is a limitation of cost, and it can restrict their implementation, particularly in cost-sensitive infrastructure projects, in which initial capital expenditure is an important factor. Other challenges are scalability and compatibility of materials. Although the lab-scale outcomes are encouraging, the translation of these materials to large-scale use is typically accompanied by the issues of consistency in production, compatibility with the traditional materials, and compatibility with the existing construction technologies. As an example, self-healing concrete needs special handling procedure, and adding piezoelectric sensors to structural systems needs advanced data acquisition and processing framework. Moreover, the problem of regulation and standardization remains a slowing measure to the smart materials adoption. The building codes and certification systems are yet to completely adapt to these new materials, which causes a long approval process and unwillingness of the construction sector to implement technologies that are not standardized. In the absence of revised codes, the rate of innovation can be limited in the face of good performance evidence. Future research and industry directions need to be determined based on minimization of cost, manufacturing scalability and standardization in order to unleash the full transformative power of smart materials. Development of low cost production strategies of SMAs and CNT composites would significantly accelerate their application. Overall, the convergence of sensor integration, data analytics, and SHM system standardization will continue to make piezoelectric applications more feasible and reliable. Moreover, interdisciplinary collaboration between the material science, structural engineering and the regulatory policy will also be critical in the implementation of holistic systems of safe and standardised deployment. Overall, this paper has established the superiority of smart materials over conventional construction materials in the most important structural performance, durability, sustainability, and lifecycle efficiency measurements. Their implementation is set to transform how infrastructure is designed, constructed and maintained moving away with passive, maintenance-driven infrastructure to adaptive, self-reliant and intelligent infrastructure. With the cost of production falling and the world adjusting to adverse regulatory policies, the smart materials will become one of the cornerstones of the next generation of civil engineering, and the world will be able to build safer, stronger, and more durable infrastructure.

The current research has demonstrated the great potential of smart materials in improving the civil engineering field in terms of structural integrity, durability, sustainability, as well as efficiency. Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs), self-healing concrete, piezoelectric materials, and Carbon Nanotube (CNT) composites are the materials that have some obvious benefits over traditional materials such as steel and concrete. SMAs are also capable of returning to their original form once deformed and this makes them suitable in cyclic load applications like bridges and seismic dampers and the fatigue as well as maintenance costs are reduced. The use of self-healing concrete is an autonomous repair process that is able to fix cracks and rebuild up to 90 percent of original compressive strength and greatly increase the time of existence of a construction. The piezoelectric materials allow real-time monitoring of structural health by early detection of stress and damage, hence, enhancing safety and catastrophic failures. The remarkable strength-to-weight ratio of CNT composites can be important in terms of load-bearing capacity and lowered weight of materials which is crucial to efficient and high-performance structures. Nevertheless, there are still a number of issues that have to be overcome before these materials can be embraced massively. The cost of production is high, they are not easily scaled, they cannot be used with the same materials, and they take a long time to be approved by the regulators, which makes it difficult to incorporate them into mainstream construction. It is critical to overcome these barriers by conducting further research, making manufacturing of them cost-effective, and revising the standards. As the concept of smart materials is developed and invested in, the material has the potential to transform infrastructure to provide safer, more resilient, and sustainable infrastructure in the urban future.

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