This study examines the impact of rapid population growth and urbanization on agricultural land use in India, focusing on data from 1981 to 2024. With India surpassing 1.4 billion people in 2023, the competition for land has intensified, leading to a significant loss of agricultural land. Urbanization, driven by migration and infrastructure needs, has contributed to the conversion of agricultural land into urban areas, particularly in rapidly growing cities like Hyderabad and Bundelkhand. Using advanced econometric models, namely the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), the study finds that population growth and urbanization have significantly reduced agricultural land by approximately 0.45 hectares per unit of population growth and 0.51 hectares per unit of urbanization rate over the long term. Findings reveal that both factors contribute significantly to the reduction of agricultural land, with long-term pressures on food security and sustainability. The study emphasizes the importance of integrated urban planning, sustainable farming practices, and efficient land management strategies to address the challenges posed by these trends. Policy recommendations include fostering technological innovation in agriculture, implementing land value capture mechanisms, and promoting balanced rural-urban development to ensure agricultural resilience in the face of urban expansion. The results aim to guide policymakers in formulating strategies to balance urban growth with agricultural preservation for sustainable development