Genetically modified ingredients (GMIs) represent a critical innovation within the evolving global food landscape, offering potential solutions to challenges like food security, agricultural sustainability, and climate resilience. Yet, they remain contentious, especially in countries like India where GM foods have not yet been fully commercialized for human consumption. This study investigates the current state of consumer awareness and perception regarding GMIs through a structured descriptive survey conducted among Indian consumers, focusing predominantly on urban and semi-urban demographics. The research explores how three primary factors—consumer knowledge about GMIs, attitudes and perceptions towards genetically modified foods, and food-related habits such as label reading and preference for non-GMO options—contribute to overall awareness of GMIs.

Quantitative analysis, including reliability assessments, correlation matrices, and multiple regression modeling, revealed that all three constructs significantly influence consumer awareness. The regression model confirmed a strong predictive relationship. Among the predictors, perception emerged as the most influential factor, suggesting that consumers with strong positive or negative attitudes—whether trust in biotech or concern about health and ethics—are more attuned to GMO-related issues. Knowledge, encompassing factual understanding and information-seeking behavior, showed a moderate effect, while habits like ingredient checking and certification awareness also contributed meaningfully.

The study highlights a complex interplay between cognitive (knowledge), affective (attitudes), and behavioral (habits) dimensions in shaping consumer awareness. It affirms that awareness is not solely a function of information exposure but is also driven by underlying values, perceptions of risk and benefit, and individual shopping practices. These findings align with international literature emphasizing the centrality of trust, perceived naturalness, and scientific literacy in public acceptance of food biotechnology.

In terms of policy and practice, the results indicate that any future rollout of GM foods in India must be accompanied by proactive consumer engagement strategies. These include transparent labeling, inclusive public dialogues, educational outreach to clarify scientific facts and address safety concerns, and collaboration with trusted regulatory bodies and academic institutions. Ultimately, fostering a well-informed and critically engaged consumer base will be essential for the responsible integration of GM foods into the Indian market. The study provides timely insights that can inform stakeholder decisions and shape public communication strategies in the context of emerging food technologies.