The integration of advanced technologies such as cloud computing, artificial intelligence, and automation into Human Resource (HR) functions has transformed the way organizations manage employee data, recruitment processes, and workforce engagement. However, this digital evolution has also introduced new vulnerabilities and heightened the risk of cyber threats, particularly concerning data privacy. As HR systems become central repositories of sensitive employee information—including personal identifiers, financial records, health data, and behavioral analytics—they are increasingly targeted by cybercriminals and exposed to internal and third-party risks.

This paper presents a comprehensive review of cybersecurity and data privacy challenges in the digital HR ecosystem. It synthesizes current research, industry reports, and case studies published between 2018 and 2024 to explore the threat landscape specific to HR technology, including phishing, ransomware, insider threats, and vendor-related breaches. The study also evaluates global regulatory frameworks such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA), and India’s Digital Personal Data Protection Act (DPDP 2023), examining how these influence data governance in HR systems.

The review identifies key technical and organizational safeguards—including encryption, access control, incident response protocols, and privacy-by-design principles—while highlighting gaps in literature related to AI governance, employee consent, and long-term data security. It concludes with actionable recommendations and future research directions, aiming to support HR leaders, technologists, and policymakers in building secure, ethical, and resilient digital HR environments.